آموزش رایگان زبان

گرامر زبان انگلیسی گذشته کامل

گرامر زبان انگلیسی گذشته کامل

در این درس به گرامر زبان انگلیسی گذشته کامل می پردازیم.آیا می‌دانید چطور از عباراتی شبیه مثال‌های زیر استفاده می‌شود؟

They’d finished the project by March یا Had you finished work when I called?

به مثال‌های زیر که از ساختار  past perfect استفاده کرده‌اند نگاه کنید:

He couldn’t make a sandwich because he’d forgotten to buy bread.
The hotel was full, so I was glad that we’d booked in advance.
My new job wasn’t exactly what I’d expected.

گذشته کامل یکی از زمان‌های گرامری در زبان انگلیسی است که برای بیان عملی که در گذشته انجام شده و تا زمان دیگری در گذشته هم ادامه داشته است، استفاده می‌شود. در این زمان از فرمول زیر استفاده می‌شود:

had + past participle

به عنوان مثال:

  • She had already eaten breakfast before I woke up.
  • By the time I arrived at the party, everyone had left.
  • They had been married for 10 years before they decided to have children.

در ادامه هفت نکته گرامری درباره گذشته کامل را بررسی خواهیم کرد:

  1. استفاده از گذشته کامل برای بیان عملی است که در گذشته قبل از عمل دیگری انجام شده است.
  2. گذشته کامل با زمان‌های دیگری در گذشته مانند گذشته ساده و گذشته استمراری به کار می‌رود.
  3. برای سوالی کردن در این زمان، از فرمول زیر استفاده می‌شود:

had + subject + past participle

به عنوان مثال:

Had you finished your homework before dinner?

  1. برای جملات منفی در این زمان، فرمول زیر استفاده می‌شود:

subject + had not + past participle

به عنوان مثال:

I had not seen that movie before last night.

  1. گذشته کامل معمولاً برای بیان دو عمل در گذشته استفاده می‌شود که یکی از آن‌ها قبل از دیگری اتفاق افتاده است.
  2. گذشته کامل همچنین برای بیان عملی استفاده می‌شود که در گذشته شروع شده بوده و تا زمانی دیگر در گذشته ادامه داشته است.
  3. برای بیان عملی که در گذشته اتفاق نیفتاده است، از گذشته کامل استفاده نمی‌شود.

توضیحات گرامر

ساختار گذشته کامل
مثال گذشته کامل

آیا می دانید چگونه از عباراتی مانند They’d finish the project by March یا Had you finished work when I calls استفاده کنید؟

  • He couldn’t make a sandwich because he’d forgotten to buy bread.
  • The hotel was full, so I was glad that we’d booked in advance.
  • My new job wasn’t exactly what I’d expected.

Time up to a point in the past

از گذشته کامل (had + past participle) برای صحبت در مورد اتفاقی که پیش از یک اتفاق دیگر در زمان گذشته افتاده باشد با استفاده از ساختار گرامر زبان انگلیسی گذشته کامل استفاده می‌کنیم.

  • She’d published her first poem by the time she was eight.
  • We’d finished all the water before we were halfway up the mountain.
  • Had the parcel arrived when you called yesterday?

Past perfect for the earlier of two past actions

اگر دو عمل در گذشته اتفاق بیافتد یکی بر دیگری مقدم باشد یعنی یکی زودتر از دیگری اتفاق افتاده باشد برای بیان عمل اول از گذشته کامل و برای بیان عمل دوم از گذشته ساده استفاده می‌کنیم.

When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.

توجه داشته باشید که اگر فقط یک اتفاق وجود داشته باشد ، ما از گذشته کامل استفاده نمی‌کنیم ، حتی اگر مدت‌ها پیش اتفاق افتاده باشد.

The Romans spoke Latin. (NOT The Romans had spoken Latin.)

Past perfect with before

زمانی که از past perfect همراه با  before استفاده کنیم به این معنی است که فعالیتی به طور کامل تمام نشده یا ناقص مانده وقتی فعالیتی در گذشته ساده اتفاق افتاده است.

  • They left before I’d spoken to them.
  • Sadly, the author died before he’d finished the series.

Adverbs

از قیدهایی همچون  قیدهای زیر همراه با گذشته کامل استفاده می‌کنیم.

already (= ‘before the specified time’), still (= as previously), just (= ‘a very short time before the specified time’), ever (= ‘at any time before the specified time’) or never (= ‘at no time before the specified time’)

  • I called his office but he’d already left.
  • It still hadn’t rained at the beginning of May.
  • I went to visit her when she’d just moved to Berlin.
  • It was the most beautiful photo I‘d ever seen.
  • Had you ever visited London when you moved there?
  • I‘d never met anyone from California before I met Jim.
استفاده گذشته کامل

نکات گرامر زبان انگلیسی گذشته کامل

  1. نکات گرامریتشکیل زمان گذشته کامل: برای تشکیل زمان گذشته کامل، از فعل کمکی “had” به همراه شکل سوم فعل استفاده می‌شود. به عنوان مثال، “I had eaten breakfast before I left home.”
  2. محل استفاده: زمان گذشته کامل معمولاً برای بیان یک رویداد در گذشته که قبل از رویداد دیگری رخ داده است، استفاده می‌شود.
  3. پشتیبانی از گذشته ساده: زمان گذشته کامل ممکن است در جملاتی با زمان گذشته ساده (Past Simple) برای پشتیبانی و توضیح بیشتر در مورد رخدادهای گذشته استفاده شود. به عنوان مثال، “I had finished my work before he arrived.”
  4. معنای زمان گذشته کامل: زمان گذشته کامل نشان دهنده این است که یک رویداد در گذشته قبل از یک رویداد دیگری رخ داده است.
  5. استفاده از کلمات اضافی: در برخی موارد، می‌توان برای بیان تاثیر یک رویداد در گذشته، از کلمات اضافی مانند “already”، “just”، و “never” استفاده کرد. به عنوان مثال، “I had just finished cooking when the guests arrived.”
  6. ترتیب فعل‌ها: در جملات منفی و سوالی، فعل کمکی “had” باید قبل از فاعل قرار بگیرد. به عنوان مثال، “Had you ever been to New York before?” یا “I hadn’t seen her in years.”
  7. توجه به زمان دقیق: برای استفاده صحیح از زمان گذشته کامل، باید توجه کنید که رخدادها در گذشته به ترتیب زمانی درست قرار گرفته باشند.
  8. تفاوت با زمان حال کامل: زمان گذشته کامل معمولاً برای بیان رخدادهای قبل از یک نقطه زمانی خاص در گذشته استفاده می‌شود، در حالی که زمان حال کامل برای بیان اتمام یک عملیات در گذشته و ارتباط آن با حال است.
نمونه سوالات زبان انگلیسی

نمونه سوالات گرامر زبان انگلیسی گذشته کامل

  1. Which of the following sentences is in the past perfect tense? a) She will have finished her work by noon. b) They are going to finish the project next week. c) He finishes his homework before dinner. d) I am finishing my coffee before leaving.

Answer: a) She will have finished her work by noon.

  1. Which of the following is the correct sentence in the past perfect tense? a) The train already left the station when we arrived. b) The train already leaves the station when we arrived. c) The train is already leaving the station when we arrived. d) The train was already leaving the station when we arrived.

Answer: a) The train already left the station when we arrived.

  1. Which of the following verbs is used in the past participle form in the past perfect tense? a) eat b) drank c) eaten d) drinking

Answer: c) eaten

  1. Which of the following sentences is NOT in the past perfect tense? a) He had finished his homework before watching TV. b) She had been studying for hours before taking a break. c) They had gone out for dinner before coming back home. d) We will have finished our project by tomorrow.

Answer: d) We will have finished our project by tomorrow.

  1. Which sentence uses the correct form of the past perfect tense? a) She had went to the store before going home. b) They had took the bus to the city center. c) He had seen that movie before. d) I had wrote a letter to my friend.

Answer: c) He had seen that movie before.

  1. Which of the following sentences is in the past perfect continuous tense? a) She had eaten breakfast before leaving for work. b) They had finished the race in just two hours. c) He had been studying English for six months before taking the TOEFL test. d) I had visited my grandparents last weekend.

Answer: c) He had been studying English for six months before taking the TOEFL test.

  1. Which of the following verbs is used in the past participle form in the past perfect continuous tense? a) run b) written c) eating d) drinking

Answer: b) written

  1. Which sentence uses the correct form of the past perfect continuous tense? a) She had been cooking dinner for an hour when her friends arrived. b) They had been read that book before. c) He had been play soccer every day. d) I had been listen to music all night.

Answer: a) She had been cooking dinner for an hour when her friends arrived.

  1. Which sentence is in the negative form of the past perfect tense? a) They had finished their work before leaving the office. b) She had already gone home when they called her. c) He had never seen that movie before. d) We hadn’t seen each other in years.

Answer: d) We hadn’t seen each other in years.

  1. Which of the following sentences is NOT in the past perfect continuous tense? a) She had been living in the same apartment for ten years before moving. b) They had been working on the project since last month. c) He had been playing tennis every day before his injury. d) We had finished the game before he arrived.

Answer: d) We had finished the game before he arrived.